ContentsThe library

Backpropagation in Full

Why the Last Two Steps Are One Step

Last timeThe Matrix That Is Never Built

The scores become probabilities and the probabilities become a loss. Doing the backward step through both at once gives an answer so simple that implementations refuse to separate them.

Most of a network has awkward derivatives that are merely awkward. The last two

operations are different: taken separately they are worse than awkward, and taken

together they collapse into the simplest expression in the whole subject. This

lesson does that collapse slowly, because the answer is worth recognising on

sight.

The two operations

The network's final layer produces one score per option, unbounded and

uninterpretable. Two things happen to them.

FIG 1The last two steps
The awkward step is the division, since changing any one score changes the total and therefore every probability. That is what makes the separated backward pass unpleasant and the fused one surprising.

The collapse

Take the simplest case that shows it: two options, scores aa and bb, with the

first one correct. The loss is the negative logarithm of the first probability,

which written out is the negative of aa plus the logarithm of the total.

The lesson stops here

5 more paragraphs to go

You have read the opening. The rest of the argument, the problems that check whether it landed, and the lines worth keeping at the end all come with a plan.

The first lesson of every course in the library reads the whole way through, free, so you can see exactly what the rest of them are.

See the planThe contents

This is the reading half

Starting the course gives you your own copy of it. Every idea on every page has problems standing under it, marked with a reason rather than a tick, and any sentence you do not believe can be opened and argued with. None of that can happen on a page nobody owns.

The contents

The rest of this course

  1. 01There Are No Layers, Only Operations
  2. 02Multiply Along, Add Acrossopening only
  3. 03Two Ways to Accumulate, and Only One Is Affordableopening only
  4. 04Four Rules That Cover Most of a Networkopening only
  5. 05The Matrix Everybody Writes Down and Nobody Buildsopening only
  6. 06Why the Last Two Steps Are One Stepyou are here
  7. 07What the Forward Pass Has to Leave Behindopening only
  8. 08A Product of Many Small Numbersopening only

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